Islamic Education Study Program Research Articles

Student learning independence to improve communication and collaboration skills in view of gender

This research aims to determine the differences and influence of independent learning on communication and collaboration skills. This research uses survey methods and a quantitative-descriptive approach. Data was obtained using a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The research subjects using random sampling techniques consisted of 33 female students and 82 female students in the Islamic religious education study program at UIN Datokarama Palu, Indonesia. The questionnaire contains 18 statements: 10 indicators of learning independence (LII), 3 indicators of communication skills (COM) and 5 indicators of collaboration skills (CLB). According to the results of data analysis using the Winsteps (Rasch model), male students have the best collaborative skills while female students are better at autonomous learning and the capacity to listen to information is the COM that is hardest to obtain. After applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a statistical significance of sig<0.05 was found indicating that male and female students exhibited distinct skill sets in the post hoc Games-Howell type follow-up test. The results show that for male and female students, learning independence is more dominant than communication and collaboration skills. The distinction lies in the fact that female students prefer communication skills while male students prefer collaboration skills. Further results obtained through the general linear model (GLM) test show that independent learning has an effect on communication skills (96.8%) and collaboration skills (93%). Finally, it can be stated that there is a positive relationship between learning independence and communication and collaboration skills.

Pelatihan Mendeley dalam Mengelola Referensi Karya Ilmiah Mahasiswa di Institut Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Community Service activities carried out by STAI Terpadu Yogyakarta Lecturers  are providing training on the use of the Mendeley Application, especially in finding and writing references and bibliography. The purpose of holding this training for students of the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program (PIAUD) and Islamic Religious Education (PAI) is to improve skills in applying the mendeley application in writing scientific papers. The main problem faced by students at Insuri Ponorogo is being able to operate the mendeley application. The method used to overcome this problem is by organizing training activities with a total of 50 students with 25 from  PAUD and 25 others from PAI. Dissemination of information about the training was conveyed through social media, whatsapp groups, and circulars on campus. The result of the activity is that students successfully participate in the activity enthusiastically until the end of the program and students are able to operate the mendeley application in writing scientific papers at the end of their studies. It is hoped that this training opportunity will be given to all Insuri Ponorogo students  on an ongoing basis so that knowledge and skills in the field of writing scientific papers will always continue to increase

Pengenalan Literasi Finansial Awal Pada Anak Usia Dini Di TK Aqidah Palangka Raya

This community service is motivated by the importance of introducing learning to children, especially in introducing edupreneur activities. Based on this, it is necessary to provide an introduction to edupreneur activities in terms of introduction to make children have an edupreneur spirit through activities to introduce children to early financial literacy. The aim of this community service is so that children can learn about educational activities that have been carried out, namely activities to introduce early financial literacy, and through these activities it can also teach children about transactions when selling, namely the existence of sellers and buyers using money. The target participants for this community service are children aged 5-6 years who are at the Palangka Raya Aqidah Kindergarten and students of the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, IAIN Palangka Raya who are also actively involved in this activity. The results of this community service show that the children are very enthusiastic about participating in the initial financial literacy introduction activities that have been carried out at Bank Indonesia (BI) and the children look enthusiastic. The hope is that through the introduction of edupreneur activities carried out in early childhood, it will be able to stimulate children's cognitive abilities in recognizing early financial literacy, introduce children to the importance of edupreneurship for children, and increase children's experience because they have carried out edupreneur activities, namely through the introduction of early financial literacy. So that the aim of the introduction will be achieved optimally.

Internalization of Islamic Education Values in Establishing Student Social Characters

Students are the next generation of the nation who must be equipped with a lot of knowledge. Education in tertiary institutions should be able to motivate them to develop their potential properly. In addition, they must also be equipped with insight on how to live in society and care for the surrounding environment. However, in reality efforts to build student character are still considered not more important than other educational materials. Thus, until now it is common to find college graduates who experience social shock when they are involved in society. Character formation can be used as an alternative solution in solving these problems. In this case the values ​​of Islamic education and social character play a very dominant role in social life.
 This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of field research. The data collection process uses in-depth interviews, participatory observation and documentation.
 This study aims to find out how the strategy of instilling the values ​​of Islamic education in tertiary institutions to students and the implications for the social character of students.
 The results of this study indicate that the strategy of instilling the values of Islamic education in shaping the social character of students in the Islamic Religious Education study program at the Riyadlotul Mujahidin Ngabar Ponorogo Islamic Education Study Program is by realizing the curriculum by combining theoretical and practical aspects (daily life). Which is manifested in an integrated manner through: 1) Exemplary Method, 2) Habituation Method, 3) Giving Advice, 4) Giving Attention, and 5) Giving Sanctions. The impact of the strategy of instilling Islamic educational values in shaping the social character of students in the Islamic Religious Education study program at the Riyadlotul Mujahidin Ngabar Ponorogo Islamic Institute has a positive impact. This is evidenced by changes in behavior in the social life of students in a better direction.
  

SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS INTEGRATED PROJECT-BASED LEARNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING

The purpose of this study is to see how the integration of synchronous and asynchronous learning with PjBL in English language learning can increase students’ creativity and collaboration, as well as students' perceptions of PjBL that integrates synchronous and asynchronous English learning. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The subjects of this study were students from the Islamic Education Study Program UIN Raden Fatah Palembang South Sumatera Indonesia. The findings showed that the integrated synchronous and asynchronous PjBL method was well-received by the students who were using it to learn English.

EKSISTENSI DONGENG SIRAH NABAWIYAH SEBAGAI STIMULASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS ANAK USIA DINI

This service to society is motivated by developments in the times that continue to develop from time to time. Based on this, it is necessary to provide stimulation in terms of strengthening so that children have religious character education through the Sirah Nabawiyah fairy tale. The aim of this community service is so that children can get to know the Prophet Muhammad SAW and emulate the stories that have been told to children. Apart from that, so that children have good character education based on the qualities of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The targets for community service participants are children aged 5-6 years in the Palangka Raya City area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia and students of the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, IAIN Palangka Raya, who are also actively involved in the activities. the. The results of this community service show that children are very enthusiastic in following the fairy tales that are told and enthusiastic. Activities carried out with direct practice include reading the Sirah Nabawiyah fairy tale directly to children to make it easier for children to understand the fairy tale. The hope is that through the Sirah Nabawiyah fairy tale for early childhood, it will be able to stimulate children's religious character education, so that the goal of stimulation will be achieved optimally.

PENGENALAN KEGIATAN EDUPRENEUR BAGI ANAK USIA DINI DI RA AL-MUSLIMUN NURUL ISLAM PALANGKA RAYA

This community service is motivated by the importance of introducing learning to children, especially in introducing edupreneur activities. Based on this, it is necessary to provide an introduction to edupreneur activities in order to enable children to have entrepreneurial education through bazaar activities. The aim of this community service is so that children can get to know about educational activities that have been carried out, namely bazaar activities. Through these activities it can also teach children about transactions when selling, namely the existence of sellers and buyers. The targets for community service participants are children aged 5-6 years who are at RA Al-Muslimun Nurul Islam Palangka Raya and students of the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, IAIN Palangka Raya, who are also actively involved in this activity. . The results of this community service show that the children are very enthusiastic about taking part in the bazaar activities that have been carried out at school and are enthusiastic. The hope is that through the introduction of edupreneur activities carried out in early childhood, it will be able to stimulate children's character education, introduce children to entrepreneurship education, and increase children's experience because they have carried out edupreneur activities, namely through bazaar activities. So that the aim of the introduction will be achieved optimally.

Strengthening the Capacity of Indonesian and Malaysian Student Institutions with a Project-Based Education Approach

Student institutions play an important role in the educational process and social life. In the era of rapid technological development, innovation is needed in every movement and activity of students to maintain their existence. One form of adaptation needed is openness to new methods to expand reach, as well as international collaboration. Student institutions in study programs, such as the Student Association (HIMA) of the Islamic Education Study Program (PAI) at the Faculty of Islamic Religion (FAI) of the University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY) and the Islamic Education Lajnah (LPI) of Universiti Malaya (UM), have roles and tasks that have been arranged. Both of these institutions already have work programs and organizational activities, both in academic and non-academic aspects. However, based on initial observations, activists in these two institutions face several problems in carrying out management.  Among others are the lack of cohesiveness between members and fluctuations in the mental well-being condition of student activists which have an impact on the performance of the institution. Given the importance of the role of student institutions, solutions in the form of counseling related to the welfare of student activists are certainly needed. This solution includes aspects of self-regulated learning, socio-emotional management, and mentoring in the implementation of project-based student activities on a global scale. This program aims to increase students' understanding of roles and responsibilities in education and society. The focus of this program is to strengthen emotion regulation and performance management based on the values of cooperation, care, and responsibility. It is hoped that this program can strengthen the character of students and increase their creativity in facing the challenges of the industrial revolution 4.0 and the era of society 5.0, while still upholding Islamic and educational values. Methods used to achieve this goal include: a) FGDs with partners; b) Dissemination of activities; c) Implementation of workshops to strengthen the capacity of student institutions; d) Assistance through the Website on emotional literacy ; and e) Monitoring and evaluation of activities. The result of this service activity is the implementation of several program collaborations, both face-to-face and hybrid. Among them: workshops related to organizational management and emotions for activist students, World Women's Day webinars in commemoration of International Women's Day, and International Seminars on graduate profiles of education study program students. In addition to the collaboration program between the student body of PAI UMY and LPI UM, in this service, a website on emotional literacy has also been released which is expected to be one of the media for the general public to improve emotional management and digital literacy skills, especially for both institutions.

The Digital Teaching Landscape: Investigating the Roles of Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Experience in Shaping TPACK

Purpose –This study aims to analyze the relationship between interest, self-efficacy, and practical teaching experience concerning prospective early childhood education teachers' perceptions of Pedagogical Knowledge of Technology Content. Design/methods/approach – This research employs an associative correlational quantitative design, involving 84 students from the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Data was collected through both offline and online questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques. This analysis assesses the predictive capacity of interest, self-efficacy, and teaching experience in determining TPACK within the perceptions of prospective ECCE teachers. Data analysis was aided by the statistical software SPSS 26 for Windows. Findings – The statistical tests indicate that interest, when considered individually, does not exhibit a positive and significant effect on TPACK. Conversely, self-efficacy and teaching practice experience, when examined separately, demonstrate a positive and significant influence on TPACK. Moreover, when these variables are collectively examined, interest, self-efficacy, and teaching practice experience collectively impact TPACK, showcasing a robust relationship of 75.4%. However, it's worth noting that there are some inconsistencies in the results concerning the impact of interest on TPACK, which may be attributed to a lack of specific context and a detailed examination of respondents' interest levels. Research implications/limitations – This study primarily focuses on elucidating the interplay between interest, self-efficacy, and practical teaching experience in TPACK development. Practical implications – These practical implications are envisioned to enhance the quality of early childhood education and prepare prospective ECCE teachers to confront the evolving technological landscape. Originality/value – This research contributes to an enhanced understanding of the interrelationships between interest, self-efficacy, and practical teaching experience in shaping prospective teachers' perceptions of TPACK, offering novel insights into the professional development of prospective ECCE teachers. Paper type Research paper  

The Effectiveness Of Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic : Case Study At Stain Teungku Dirundeng Meulaboh

This study aimed to find out and describe the learning effectiveness during the Covid-19 pandemic at Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Department, State Islamic Institue (STAIN) Teungku Dirundeng, Meulaboh, along with its obstacles and solutions. This study employed the descriptive qualitative research method and was also categorized as field research. The subject of this study was limited to the learning process experienced by students in the sixth semester at the Islamic Education study program, Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Department, STAIN Teungku Dirundeng Meulaboh. The data-collecting techniques used in this study were observation, interview and documentation. The findings revealed that the learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic was executed in two ways: online and offline learning. Offline learning was viewed as more effective than online learning because offline learning allowed students to interact live with the lecturers and other students despite the health protocol application. On the other hand, online learning caused some obstacles, one of them was the unstable internet connection. There were some reasonably solutive solutions to this issue which as the reliable internet connection reaching out to the remote areas.

Pemahaman Keagamaan Terhadap Moderasi Beragama Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam

This research covers three main aspects, namely the understanding, responses, and religious influence of Islamic religious education study program students on religious moderation. This research uses quantitative research methods and data collection techniques through the distribution of questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. The population and sample in the study included all students of the Islamic religious education study program at STIT At-Taqwa Ciparay-Bandung, using non-probability sampling techniques.The research results show that students' religious understanding is included in the good category, with a frequency of 57 and a percentage of 68%. Meanwhile, religious moderation is included in the quite good category, with a frequency of 39 and a percentage of 46%. Apart from that, the research results also revealed that around 33.1% of the level of religious moderation was influenced by religious understanding, while the remainder, around 66.9%, was influenced by other variables not studied, such as seminar training programs, curriculum based on religious understanding, extracurricular activities. based on religious understanding, mentoring and spiritual guidance, religious studies, integration of religious values in campus life, and so on. This research is important in the context of efforts to increase religious moderation in society.
  

THE USE OF SHOW AND TELL METHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY

This study examines the application of the Show and Tell learning method on the "Who People Are" Material in improving the Speaking Skills of second-semester students of the Islamic Education Study Program of STAI Ma'arif Magetan. The approach used is a qualitative approach and the type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). The data analysis technique used is the qualitative data analysis technique. This research was conducted in May-June 2023 with 32 students. Based on data obtained during the implementation of Cycle I and Cycle II that the results of research in Cycle I showed sufficient categories, and there was a rapid increase in Cycle II which showed good categories and achieved predetermined indicators. The conclusion of this study stated that the application of the Show and tell learning method in the "Who People Are" Material was working well in improving the Speaking Skills of second-semester students of the Islamic Education Study Program STAI Ma'arif Magetan.

Implementation of Ice Breaking in Increasing Student’s Spirit of Learning

The application of interesting and unique ice breaking can be a solution to overcome student boredom and saturation in learning activities. Exciting and fun ice breaking activities can strengthen connections, build concentration, improve communication, and create a warmer and friendlier atmosphere. Ice Breaking activities are generally used in several parts of the activity. One of them is when opening a lecture. The implementation of ice breaking in learning to reduce student learning boredom was carried out in the second semester of the Early Childhood Islamic Education Study Program, Al Hikmah Tebing Tinggi Tarbiyah Science College. Based on the research results, it appears that there is an effect of implementing ice breaking in reducing boredom and increasing student enthusiasm for learning. The decrease in learning boredom from the high to low category was inseparable from the influence of the implementation of ice breaking which was carried out over twelve meetings and saw a shift in students' attitudes from what previously looked tense to being cheerful. Ice breaking can foster interest in learning, make the atmosphere more comfortable and can increase student cohesiveness in class and during the lecture process. This research aims to explain the application of ice breaking in student learning activities in class. In this research, qualitative methods and literature study were used. The data obtained is collected, analyzed, and conclusions are drawn in the implementation of learning each week so that it can be seen and compared whether learning uses ice breaking or not.

English for Daily Activities: Textbook Developed for Islamic Education Study Program at STAIN Mandailing Natal

This research project aims to create teaching materials in the form of textbooks specifically designed for English courses, focusing on "English for Daily Activities" within the PAI study program at STAIN Mandailing Natal. The research methodology employed in this study is research and development, utilizing the ADDIE model (Analysis-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate). Data collection involves three main instruments: 1) needs analysis tools, 2) validity assessment tools, and 3) practicality evaluation tools, with the practical stage serving as the project's concluding phase. The outcomes of the research and development process yielded a positive impact on both lecturers and students during the learning process. The validation results indicate high levels of validity, with a total validation percentage of 83.85%, falling within the "very valid" category. Limited trials or practicality testing of the textbooks were conducted by gathering feedback from lecturers and students. The results show strong practicality, with its total percentage of 86.09%, classifying the developed textbook as "very practical" to use by lecturers and students within the Islamic Education Study Program at STAIN Mandailing Natal.
 Keywords: Textbook, Teaching Materials, Islamic Studies

IMPLEMENTASI METODE DEMONSTRASI MATA KULIAH DESAIN DAN PERENCANAAN PEMBELAJARAN PAI PADA MATERI PENYUSUNAN RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI UNIVERSITAS NAHDALTUL ULAMA

Learning methods are one of the important reasons for achieving learning objectives. One of the requirements to become a professional teacher is to be able to compile a lesson implementation plan; therefore, the selection of the right learning method to teach students about how to compile a learning implementation plan must really be considered. This research is intended to provide an overview of the implementation of the application of demonstration methods in design courses and learning strategies, along with material for preparing learning implementation plans for students of the Islamic Education study program in the fourth semester of UNUSIA. The preparation of research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach; data is collected by observation, interviews, and documentation. Furthermore, the analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman technique, which is to summarize data, present data, and provide conclusions. The findings of the implementation of this demonstration method are: theoretical discussions on matters related to PAI learning planning; secondly, providing examples or practicing the process of preparing PAI learning implementation plans; and third, simulation and evaluation.
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Analisa Kesalahan Ejaan Berbahasa Dalam Skripsi Mahasiswa PGMI STAI Barumun Raya Sibuhuan

The problem in this research is that there are still students who still make mistakes in writing their thesis and also in using punctuation marks and the solution that the researcher provides is to upload the file to Google Drive and carry out analysis using Google Doc. The objectives of this research are (1) To find out language spelling errors in preparing thesis proposals for PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan students. (2) To find out writing errors in STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. (3) To describe spelling errors in using capital letters, errors in using italics, and errors in using bold letters in PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. In this research the author used a type of field research, the design used was qualitative research, namely research that produces data in the form of written or spoken words from the people being observed. The researcher checked the validity of the data by means of source triangulation and technical triangulation. Source triangulation is triangulation carried out by interviewing various sources, such as the head of the library and lecturers, students from the class of 2017. However, the results obtained must remain the same. Meanwhile, technical triangulation is triangulation carried out by researchers by collecting different data from the same source. By using triangulation techniques in data collection, the data obtained will be better and more certain. Analysis of capital letter errors in writing and italics in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Raya Islamic College (STAIBR) Sibuhuan. caused by errors in the use of capital letters as elements of the first letter of a word at the beginning of a sentence, the first letter of the name of a nation, ethnic group, and language. Analysis of errors in writing prepositions in, to and from students' theses at the Islamic High School Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI). Islam Barumun Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan is due to ignorance that the writing must be written separately from the words of its followers or a combination of words that are commonly considered as one word. Analysis of errors in the use of punctuation marks in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Islamic College Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan errors which include errors in the use of the period punctuation mark (.), errors in the use of the comma punctuation mark (,), errors in the use of the colon (:), and errors in the use of the question mark (?) errors. Punctuation errors are caused by differences in perception in the use of punctuation marks in accordance with EYD guidelines.
  
  

Analisis Respon Mahasiswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Menggunakan Media Youtube Pada Mata Kuliah Bahasa Indonesia

The digital era, as we are currently experiencing, has made all lines of life visible in the digital world. Most people can definitely access YouTube. Until now, YouTube has become the social media network that is most in demand by adults and even children. Can not be separated in the world of education itself, teaching staff can really take advantage of this media to support teaching and learning activities. The formulation of the problem in this study is how students respond to learning using YouTube Media as a teaching medium in Indonesia language, analyzing how students' interest and motivation in learning introductory education courses. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The research subjects were 32 students in semester 1 of the Islamic religious education study program in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 cademic year. This study aims to describe the perceptions of Unsulbar students towards YouTube media and the effects that arise after accessing learning materials through YouTube media. As many as 90.3% of 32 students stated that they liked YouTube media to be used as a learning medium and this research can provide an empirical basis for the benefits of YouTube developed by lecturers as a learning medium in introductory lectures and other courses in tertiary institutions

Differences in Motivation to Learn Arabic in Terms of Gender In the Islamic Religious Education Study Program

The Arabic language is a compulsory course for all students of IAIN Bukittinggi. This lesson requires high learning motivation to achieve excellent learning outcomes. This research focused on the influences of gender differences on Arabic language course learning motivation. This research determined the Arabic course learning motivation differences based on gender among students in the Islamic Education (PAI) study program at the IAIN Bukittinggi. The researchers applied a quantitative comparative approach. The population comprises students in the Islamic Education study program at the IAIN Bukittinggi who are in the third semester. The participants consisted of 199 students. The researchers applied total sampling. The instrument used in this study was the learning motivation scale. The researchers analyzed the data with a hypothetical mean formula, while the hypothesis test was with the Analysis of Variance, ANOVA. The results showed that the male Arabic learning motivation was high, with a mean score of 130.3, while the female Arabic learning motivation was 126.4. The hypothesis test found a significant value of 0.277 lower than 0.5. The results indicated a significant difference between male and female Arabic language learning motivations. However, when looking at the overall average scores, the motivation of male students to learn Arabic is higher than female students. Based on the results of this study, it suggested that counselors provide Guidance and Counseling services, primarily focusing on indicators of self-reliance in learning Arabic. It is expected that with guidance and counseling services, students can enhance their motivation to learn Arabic, particularly in terms of self-reliance in learning.

Perception Index of Muhammadiyah Ideology: A Survey on Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan Values and Understandings

This study aimed to investigate the perception index of lecturers at Ahmad Dahlan University (UAD), a part of Muhammadiyah Higher Education (PTM), regarding the Muhammadiyah ideology. The scope of the ideology includes the Statutes of Muhammadiyah (MADM), Muhammadiyah characteristics, and Muhammadiyah's Beliefs and Ideals of Life (MKCHM). This study utilized a quantitative research method, specifically the f-type descriptive survey. The population of this study comprised all UAD lecturers, totalling approximately 900 individuals, with a sample size of 300 respondents. The sampling technique employed was probability sampling, precisely proportionate stratified random sampling. The results indicated that UAD lecturers' understanding of the ideology fell within the moderate category, with an average value of 70% among the total sample of 132 lecturers. Meanwhile, the ideological understanding map revealed a medium type, with Muhammadiyah characteristics scoring 74%, MADM ideology scoring 68%, and MKCHM ideology scoring 70%. The research's implications serve as the foundation for ideological development among lecturers, program development, and the enhancement of the AIK curriculum at UAD in general, as well as for the curriculum of the Master of Islamic Education study program.

The Learning Patterns of Self Regulated Learning in Increasing Achievement of Recipient Students KIP Scholarship Period 2020/2021 PAI Program Faculty of Tarbiyah IAIN Bone

This research discusses the problem of self-regulated learning for the student achievement of KIP scholarship recipients for the 2020/2021 period of the Islamic Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah IAIN Bone. The objectives of this research are to identify self-regulated learning, to identify the efforts to improve academic and non-academic achievement, and to identify barriers that affect academic and non-academic achievement. This research uses a research methodology, namely the type of research that uses qualitative research to describe an event. The research approaches are sociological, pedagogical, and psychological approach. The data collection methods include observation, interview, and documentation. The data collection and analysis techniques used are data collection as well as data display, data reduction, and data triangulation. The results of self-regulated learning of the students in improving academic and non-academic achievements show that the first uses three aspects, namely aspects of metacognition with repetition, elaboration, and organizational strategies. The second, the self-elaboration aspect, includes extrinsic self-talk, relative ability, and situational interest enhancement. The third is the barriers. There are two factors: internal factors, including physical factors (intelligence), physical factors (attitude and psychomotor), and external factors, including family/parents, lecturers, and other activities.